Síndrome de Fournier: estudo de 32 pacientes do diagnóstico à reconstrução / Fourniers gangrene: study of 32 patients from diagnosis to reconstruction

Objetivo: apresentar a experiência do serviço, enfatizando a importância do diagnóstico precoce, tratamento cirúrgico agressivo, ampla cobertura antibiótica e a necessidade de reconstrução do períneo destes pacientes. Material e Métodos: estudo de 32 pacientes consecutivos tratados de novembro de 1998 a janeiro de 2008. Resultados: 31 (96,8%) masculinos e um (3,2%) feminino. Quanto à etnia, 20 eram brancos, sete pardos e cinco negros. A idade variou entre 23 e 88 anos (média de 50,9 anos). A lesão inicial foi identificada em todos os casos, sendo o abscesso (genital/perianal) responsável por 27 (84,3%) dos pacientes. Os fatores associados estiveram presentes em 18 (56,3%) casos: diabetes mellitus em 10, alcoolismo em sete, paraplegia em seis, AIDS em três, obesidade em três e desnutrição em dois; destes cinco (15,6%) eram presidiários. O tratamento consistiu de desbridamento cirúrgico precoce e agressivo, com média de 1,5 por paciente. Realizaram-se quatro (12,5%) colostomias em alça e sete (21,8%) cistostomias. A associação de ceftriaxona com clindamicina foi utilizada em 15 (46,8%) pacientes. A reconstrução foi feita por: sutura primária ? nove casos (28,1%); retalhos cutâneos locais e cicatrização por segunda intenção ? sete casos (21,8%)/cada; enxertos de pele parcial ? seis casos(18,7%). Três pacientes morreram (9,3%). O tempo médio de permanência hospitalar foi de 26,1 dias. Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce aliado ao desbridamento cirúrgico extenso são medidas importantes na contenção da rápida progressão da síndrome, associados a medidas de suporte clínico e ampla cobertura antimicrobiana. Os métodos de reconstrução têm um papel importante no sentido de minimizar as deformidades, restituindo ao paciente sua autoimagem.

Objective: to evaluate the experience of our institution, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis, aggressive surgical débridement combined with broad-spectrum antibiotic, and the need for reconstruction of the perineum these patients. Methods: study of 32 consecutive patients treated from November 1998 to January 2008. Results: there were 31 (96.8%) males and one (3.2%) female. The patients ranged in age from 23 to 88 years (mean age 50.9 years). Of the 31 patients, 20 (62.5%) were white, seven (21.8%) were non-white and five (15.5%) were black. The primary lesion was localized in all cases, being the abscess (genital/perianal) responsible for 27 (84.3%) patients. There were a number of predisposing factors in eighteen patients (56.3%). Ten patients were diabetic, 7 were alcoholic, 6 were paraplegic, 3 had AIDS, 3 (9.3%) were obese. There was malnutrition in 2 (6.4%) and 5 (15.6%) were penitentiary inmates. The treatment consisted of precocious and wide surgical debridement which was performed in all patients. Most patients received multiple debridements (mean 1.5 per patient). There were 4 (12.5%) colostomies and 7 (21.8%) cistostomies. Fifteen patients (46.8%) received broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage (ceftriaxone associated with clindamicyn). Nine patients (28.1%) had primary suture, seven patients (21.8%) had local cutaneous grafts and second intention healing; three patients (9.3%) died. The average hospital stay was 26.1 days. Conclusion: FG requires a prompt diagnosis, immediate surgical treatment and antibiotic coverage. Methods of reconstruction are important not only for minimizing deformities but also for restoration of the patient autoimage.

Pancreatic islet allograft in spleen with immunosuppression with cyclosporine. Experimental model in dogs.

PURPOSE: To study the functional behavior of the allograft with immunosuppression of pancreatic islets in the spleen. METHODS: Five groups of 10 Mongrel dogs were used: Group A (control) underwent biochemical tests; Group B underwent total pancreatectomy; Group C underwent total pancreatectomy and pancreatic islet autotransplant in the spleen; Group D underwent pancreatic islet allograft in the spleen without immunosuppressive therapy; Group E underwent pancreatic islet allograft in the spleen and immunosuppression with cyclosporine. All of the animals with grafts received pancreatic islets prepared by the mechanical-enzymatic method - stationary collagenase digestion and purification with dextran discontinuous density gradient, implanted in the spleen. RESULTS: The animals with autotransplant and those with allografts with immunosuppression that became normoglycemic showed altered results of intravenous tolerance glucose (p < 0.001) and peripheral and splenic vein plasmatic insulin levels were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in animals that had allografts with immunosuppression than in those with just autotransplants. CONCLUSIONS: In the animals with immunosuppression with cyclosporine subjected to allograft of pancreatic islets prepared with the mechanical-enzymatic preparation method (stationary collagenase digestion and purification with dextran discontinuous density gradient), the production of insulin is decreased and the response to intravenous glucose is altered.

Síndrome de Mirizzi: estudo de 11 casos / Mirizzis syndrome: report of eleven cases

Objetivo: descrever série de onze pacientes com síndrome de Mirizzi, submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, comentando os aspectos etiopatogênicos e apresentação clínica, com ênfase no diagnóstico e tratamento. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de onze pacientes consecutivos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Foram considerados para apreciação: aspectos demográfico, clínicos, laboratoriais, meios diagnósticos, achados intraoperatórios, classificação dos doentes de acordo com Csendes et al., tática cirúrgica empregada e evolução pós-operatória. Resultados: dez pacientes (91,0%) eram mulheres e um (9,0%) homem. Os seguintes sintomas foram observados: dor e icterícia em todos os pacientes, colúria em nove (81,0%), náuseas e vômitos em sete (63,0%), acolia fecal em cinco (45,0%) e tumor palpável em um (9,0%). Os exames de laboratório mostraram leucocitose igual ou superior a 15.000 /mm3 em 45,0%. A bilirrubina total variou de 3,1 a 19,0 mg/dl. A ultrassonografia feita em todos pacientes mostrou presença de colelitíase e dilatação de V.B. em 77,7% e vesícula escleroatrófica em 27,0%. A tomografia computadorizada abdominal foi realizada em 9,0% e colangiopancreatografia em 18,0%. Os casos foram classificados, segundo Csendes, em: tipo I (quatro), tipo II (dois), tipo III (três) e tipo IV (dois) pacientes. Todos foram operados por cirurgia convencional. Destes, quatro (36,0%) apresentavam colangite, sendo três (27,0%) operados na urgência e um outro evoluiu com colangite durante a investigação, sendo operado no 19 dia. Os demais foram internados e operados eletivamente. Realizou-se: colecistectomia e derivação biliodigestiva em seis pacientes (54,0%), colecistectomia e coledocotomia em três (27,0%) e colecistectomia simples em dois casos (18%). No pós-operatório, nove (82,0%) evoluíram bem e tiveram alta hospitalar. Dois pacientes (18,0%) foram a óbito. Conclusões: todos os pacientes apresentavam sinais e sintomas de icterícia obstrutiva e em quase metade o hemograma era infeccioso. Apenas em três casos houve suspeita diagnóstica no pré-operatório. Os pacientes estáveis, sem infecção, que permitiram melhor investigação evoluíram favoravelmente. O tratamento da síndrome de Mirizzi é cirúrgico, variando a tática de acordo com o tipo da lesão.

Objectives: to report a series of eleven patients with Mirizzis syndrome submitted to surgical treatment. The authors present the etiopathogenic and clinical aspects of the disease. Methods: retrospective study of the eleven patients consecutive submitted to surgical treatment. The authors analysed the demografic, clinical and laboratory data, as well as intraoperative findings. They also classified the lesion according to Csendes classification, and presented the surgical management and post-operative follow-up. Results: there were 10 female patients (91.0 %) and 1 male patient (9.0%). Symptoms and signs were diffuse upper abdominal pain and jaundice in all patients, choluria in 9 (81%), nausea and vomit in 7 (63%), fecal acholia in 5 (45.0%) and a palpable tumor in 1 patient (9.0%). The laboratory exams showed leucocytosis equal or superior to 15.000/mm³ (45%) and the plasma bilirrubin varied between 3.1 mg/dL and 19.0 mg/dL. Ultrasonography showed in all patients the presence of cholelithiasis. There was dilation of gallbladder in 77.5% of the cases and scleroatrophic gallbladder in 27.0% patients. CT scan was realized in 9.0% and cholangiopancreatography in 18% of patients. The cases were classified according to Csendes classification. There were four type I, two type II, three type III and two type IV. All eleven cases were managed by classical open technique. Four patients (36%) presented with cholangitis; three of these patients had emergency operations and one presented cholangitis during the workup investigation, being operated on day 19 of admission. The others had elective operations. The surgical operations were: cholecystectomy and biliodigestive deviation in 6 patients (54%), cholecystectomy and choledochotomy in 3 patients (27%) and only cholecystectomy in 2 patients (18%). The postoperative course was uneventful in 9 patients (82%), but 2 patients (18%) died. Conclusion: all patients presented symptoms and signs of obstructive jaundice, and nearly half of these had infectious hemogram. The diagnosis of Mirizzis syndrome was suspected in only three patients. A complete diagnostic investigation was possible only in stable patients without infection, and these patients had a favorable course. Treatment of Mirizzis syndrome is surgical and the choice of operative approach varies according to the type of lesion.

Pancreatic islet allograft in spleen with immunossuppression with cyclosporine. Experimental model in dogs / Alotransplante de ilhotas pancreáticas no baço com imunossupressão com ciclosporina. Modelo experimental em cães

PURPOSE: To study the functional behavior of the allograft with immunosuppression of pancreatic islets in the spleen. METHODS: Five groups of 10 Mongrel dogs were used: Group A (control) underwent biochemical tests; Group B underwent total pancreatectomy; Group C underwent total pancreatectomy and pancreatic islet autotransplant in the spleen; Group D underwent pancreatic islet allograft in the spleen without immunosuppressive therapy; Group E underwent pancreatic islet allograft in the spleen and immunosuppression with cyclosporine. All of the animals with grafts received pancreatic islets prepared by the mechanical-enzymatic method - stationary collagenase digestion and purification with dextran discontinuous density gradient, implanted in the spleen. RESULTS: The animals with autotransplant and those with allografts with immunosuppression that became normoglycemic showed altered results of intravenous tolerance glucose (p < 0.001) and peripheral and splenic vein plasmatic insulin levels were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in animals that had allografts with immunosuppression than in those with just autotransplants. CONCLUSIONS: In the animals with immunosupression with cyclosporine subjected to allograft of pancreatic islets prepared with the mechanical-enzymatic preparation method (stationary collagenase digestion and purification with dextran discontinuous density gradient), the production of insulin is decreased and the response to intravenous glucose is altered.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento funcional do alotransplante com imunossupressão de ilhotas pancreáticas no baço. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados cinco grupos de 10 cães mestiços: grupo A (controle) submetido aos exames bioquímicos; grupo B, submetido à pancreatectomia total; grupo C (autotransplante) submetido à pancreatectomia total e autotransplantação de ilhotas pancreáticas no baço; grupo D, submetido à alotransplantação de ilhotas pancreáticas no baço sem terapia imunossupressiva; grupo E, submetido à alotransplantação de ilhotas no baço e imunossupressão com ciclosporina. Todos os animais transplantados receberam ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas pelo método mecânico-enzimático, digestão estacionária com colagenase e purificação com gradiente de densidade descontínua de dextran e foram implantadas no baço. RESULTADOS: Animais autotransplantados e alotransplantados com imunossupressão que se tornaram normoglicêmicos apresentaram testes de tolerância à glicose intravenosa alterados (p<0,001) e o nível de insulina plasmática periférica e na veia esplênica foram significantemente menores (p<0,001) nos animais alotransplantados com imunossupressão em relação aos autotransplantados. CONCLUSÃO: Nos animais submetidos ao alotransplante de ilhotas pancreáticas com imunossupressão com ciclosporina e preparadas pelo método mecânico-enzimático, digestão estacionária com colagenase e purificação com gradiente de densidade descontínua de dextran, a produção de insulina está diminuída e a resposta à sobrecarga de glicose intravenosa alterada.

Randomized clinical trial comparing spinal anesthesia with local anesthesia with sedation for loop colostomy closure.

CONTEXT: Recent studies have shown that local anesthesia for loop colostomy closure is as safe as spinal anesthesia for this procedure. OBJECTIVES: Randomized clinical trial to compare the results from these two techniques. METHODS: Fifty patients were randomized for loop colostomy closure using spinal anesthesia (n = 25) and using local anesthesia (n = 25). Preoperatively, the bowel was evaluated by means of colonoscopy, and bowel preparation was performed with 10% oral mannitol solution and physiological saline solution for lavage through the distal colostomy orifice. All patients were given prophylactic antibiotics (cefoxitin). Pain, analgesia, reestablishment of peristaltism or peristalsis, diet reintroduction, length of hospitalization and rehospitalization were analyzed postoperatively. RESULTS: Surgery duration and local complications were greater in the spinal anesthesia group. Conversion to general anesthesia occurred only with spinal anesthesia. There was no difference in intraoperative pain between the groups, but postoperative pain, reestablishment of peristaltism or peristalsis, diet reintroduction and length of hospitalization were lower with local anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Local anesthesia plus sedation offers a safer and more effective method than spinal anesthesia for loop colostomy closure.

Esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination into stomach: New technique to reduce fistula formation.

AIM: To present a new technique of cervical esophagogastric anastomosis to reduce the frequency of fistula formation. METHODS: A group of 31 patients with thoracic and abdominal esophageal cancer underwent cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination of the proximal esophageal stump into the stomach tube. In the region elected for anastomosis, a transverse myotomy of the esophagus was carried out around the entire circumference of the esophagus. Afterwards, a 4-cm long segment of esophagus was invaginated into the stomach and anastomosed to the anterior and the posterior walls. RESULTS: Postoperative minor complications occurred in 22 (70.9%) patients. Four (12.9%) patients had serious complications that led to death. The discharge of saliva was at a lower region, while attempting to leave the anastomosis site out of the alimentary transit. Three (9.7%) patients had fistula at the esophagogastric anastomosis, with minimal leakage of air or saliva and with mild clinical repercussions. No patients had esophagogastric fistula with intense saliva leakage from either the cervical incision or the thoracic drain. Fibrotic stenosis of anastomoses occurred in seven (22.6%) patients. All these patients obtained relief from their dysphagia with endoscopic dilatation of the anastomosis. CONCLUSION: Cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination of the proximal esophageal stump into the stomach tube presented a low rate of esophagogastric fistula with mild clinical repercussions.

Grandes hérnias incisionais / Giant incisional hernias

INTRODUÇÃO: A correção de hérnias incisionais abdominais permanece como um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais comuns uma vez que ela ocorre em cerca de 11 por cento das laparotomias. Vários são os fatores de risco. Surgem, em geral, nos primeiros cinco anos após a operação e seu manuseio ainda é controverso. OBJETIVO: Atualizar os meios e métodos empregados para a correção cirúrgica das hérnias abdominais gigantes. MÉTODO: Revisão da literatura com base no Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs com cruzamento dos descritores "hérnia abdominal, próteses, complicações e técnicas cirúrgicas", e adicionando contribuição própria baseada na experiência dos autores no manuseio desta afecção. CONCLUSÃO: Mesmo as correções bem sucedidas, com a utilização ou não de grandes próteses, não são os procedimentos isentos de inconvenientes, pois a parede abdominal não retoma a sua elasticidade e complacência normais. Por este motivo, é importante que o paciente seja alertado da possibilidade da sua expectativa em relação ao resultado, tanto estético quanto funcional, não ser alcançada.

BACKGROUND: The correction of abdominal hernias remains one of the most common surgical procedures since it occurs in about 11 percent of laparotomies. There are several risk factors. Arise, in general, the first five years after the operation and their management is controversial. AIM: Update the means and methods for surgical repair of giant abdominal hernias. METHOD: Literature review based on PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo with crossing the keywords "abdominal hernia, prostheses, surgical techniques and complications", and adding its own contribution based on the authors' experience in handling this condition. CONCLUSION: Even the successful correction with the use of large prostheses, may happen procedure inconvenient, because the abdominal wall does not resume its elasticity and compliance at the normal. For this reason, it is important that the patient be advised of the possibility of their expectations regarding the outcome, both aesthetic and functional, not be achieved.

[En bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy and right hemicolectomy for locally advanced right colon cancer treatment]. / Duodenopancreatectomia e hemicolectomia direita em monobloco para tratamento de câncer de cólon direito localmente avançado.

This article reports the case of a patient with a diagnosis of diarrhea and weight loss. Subsidiary exams showed ulcerovegetant lesion in the second duodenal portion and duodenocolic fistula. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and a neoplastic lesion in the hepatic angle of the colon was observed invading the second duodenal portion. The patient then underwent a cephalic gastroduodenopancreatectomy associated with en bloc right hemicolectomy and improved well in the postoperative period. Currently, 48 months after the surgery, he does not present any signs of the disease dissemination or recurrence. The consulted literature recommends that multivisceral resection must be considered if the patient is clinically able to undergo major surgery and does not present any signs of neoplastic dissemination, since the postoperative survival time is considerably longer in the resected group and some of these patients even achieve cure.

Randomized clinical trial comparing spinal anesthesia with local anesthesia with sedation for loop colostomy closure / Ensaio clínico randomizado comparando raquianestesia com anestesia local, associadas à sedação para o fechamento de colostomia em alça

CONTEXT: Recent studies have shown that local anesthesia for loop colostomy closure is as safe as spinal anesthesia for this procedure. OBJECTIVES: Randomized clinical trial to compare the results from these two techniques. METHODS: Fifty patients were randomized for loop colostomy closure using spinal anesthesia (n = 25) and using local anesthesia (n = 25). Preoperatively, the bowel was evaluated by means of colonoscopy, and bowel preparation was performed with 10 percent oral mannitol solution and physiological saline solution for lavage through the distal colostomy orifice. All patients were given prophylactic antibiotics (cefoxitin). Pain, analgesia, reestablishment of peristaltism or peristalsis, diet reintroduction, length of hospitalization and rehospitalization were analyzed postoperatively. RESULTS: Surgery duration and local complications were greater in the spinal anesthesia group. Conversion to general anesthesia occurred only with spinal anesthesia. There was no difference in intraoperative pain between the groups, but postoperative pain, reestablishment of peristaltism or peristalsis, diet reintroduction and length of hospitalization were lower with local anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Local anesthesia plus sedation offers a safer and more effective method than spinal anesthesia for loop colostomy closure.

CONTEXTO: Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que a anestesia local para o fechamento de colostomia em alça é tão segura quanto a raquianestesia para estes procedimentos. OBJETIVOS: Comparar os resultados do fechamento de colostomia em alça usando essas duas técnicas. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta pacientes foram randomizados para o fechamento de colostomia em alça sob raquianestesia (n = 25) e anestesia local (n = 25). No pré-operatório, o cólon foi avaliado por colonoscopia e o preparo intestinal foi realizado com solução oral de manitol a 10 por cento e limpeza com solução salina fisiológica através do orifício distal da colostomia. Todos os pacientes receberam antibioticoprofilaxia com cefoxitina. Dor, analgesia, restabelecimento do peristaltismo, reintrodução da dieta, tempo de internação e de reinternação foram analisados no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Duração da cirurgia e complicações locais foram maiores no grupo da raquianestesia. A conversão para anestesia geral ocorreu somente no grupo da raquianestesia. Em relação á dor intraoperatória, não houve diferença entre os grupos, mas a dor pós-operatória, restabelecimento do peristaltismo, reintrodução da dieta e tempo de hospitalização foram menores no grupo com anestesia local. CONCLUSÃO: A anestesia local associada à sedação ofereceu um método mais seguro e efetivo que a raquianestesia para o fechamento de colostomia em alça.

Cost-effectiveness analysis on spinal anesthesia versus local anesthesia plus sedation for loop colostomy closure.

CONTEXT: Studies in the area of health economics are still poorly explored and it is known that the cost savings in this area is becoming more necessary, provided that strict criteria. OBJECTIVE: To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of spinal anesthesia versus local anesthesia plus sedation for loop colostomy closure. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial with 50 patients undergoing loop colostomy closure either under spinal anesthesia (n = 25) or under local anesthesia plus sedation (n = 25). The duration of the operation, time spent in the post-anesthesia recovery room, pain, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, laboratory and imaging examinations and need for rehospitalization and reoperation were analyzed. The direct medical costs were analyzed. A decision tree model was constructed. The outcome measures were mean cost and cost per local and systemic postoperative complications avoided. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were presented. RESULTS: Duration of operation: 146 +/- 111.5 min. vs 105 +/- 23.6 min. (P = 0.012); mean time spent in post-anesthesia recovery room: 145 +/- 110.8 min. vs 36.8 +/- 34.6 min. (P<0.001). Immediate postoperative pain was lower with local anesthesia plus sedation (P<0.05). Local and systemic complications were fewer with local anesthesia plus sedation (P = 0.209). Hospitalization + rehospitalization: 4.5 +/- 4.1 days vs 2.9 +/- 2.2 days (P<0.0001); mean spending per patient: R$ 5,038.05 vs 2,665.57 (P<0.001). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: R$ -474.78, indicating that the strategy with local anesthesia plus sedation is cost saving. CONCLUSION: In the present investigation, loop colostomy closure under local anesthesia plus sedation was effective and appeared to be a dominant strategy, compared with the same surgical procedure under spinal anesthesia.

Adenocarcinoma endometrioide de ovário em parede abdominal / Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of ovary in abdominal wall

Introdução: A transformação maligna da endometriose pode ocorrer em 0,7-1% das pacientes e 78,7% desses casos ocorrem nos ovários. Este trabalho relatou o caso de um adenocarcinoma endometrioide de ovário em parede abdominal após dois partos cesarianos. Relato de caso: Paciente de 52 anos apresentava dor bem localizada em região de hipogástrio com presença de tumoração no mesmo local há 1 ano. A referida dor piorava no período menstrual. Relatou, ainda, aumento do número de ciclos menstruais (duas vezes ao mês). A realização de exames de imagem evidenciou formação nodular heterogênea medindo 45 x 45 mm, subjacente à cicatriz cirúrgica na extremidade direita (pfannestiel), com ausência de linfoadenopatias. Foi realizada a exérese do tumor da parede abdominal, que revelou, após exame anatomopatológico, ser um adenocarcinoma endometrioide de ovário. Discussão: A manipulação cirúrgica da cavidade pélvica pode ser considerada um fator de risco no desenvolvimento da endometriose extragonadal. Além disso, o hiperestrogenismo, seja endógeno, seja exógeno, tem sido considerado como um fator de risco no desenvolvimento do câncer originado da endometriose. A malignização extragonadal da endometriose deve ser considerada como um diagnóstico diferencial em qualquer mulher com massa em parede abdominal, dor pélvica e/ou abdominal, uso de terapia de reposição hormonal, histórico de manipulação cirúrgica da cavidade pélvica e sangramentos vaginais.

Introduction: The malignant transformation of endometriosis can occur in 0.7-1% of the patients and 78.7% of these cases occur in the ovaries. This paper reported a case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of ovary in the abdominal wall after two cesarean deliveries. Case report: A 52-year patient presented well-localized pain at the hypogastrium region where a tumor has been present for 1 year. The related pain worsened during menstruation. She also related increase in the number of menstrual cycles (twice a month). The performance of imaging tests revealed heterogeneous nodular formation measuring 45 x 45 mm, behind the surgical scar on the right end (pfannestiel), with absence of lymphadenopathies. The excision of the tumor from the abdominal wall was performed and revealed, after anatomopathological examination, to be an endometriod adenocarcinoma of ovary. Discussion: The surgical manipulation of the pelvic cavity can be considered a risk factor in the development of extra-gonadal endometriosis. Moreover, the hyper-estrogenic, either endogenous or exogenous, has been considered a risk factor in cancer development originated from endometriosis. The extra-gonadal malignancy of endometriosis should be considered as a differential diagnostic in any woman with mass in the abdominal wall, with pelvic and/or abdominal pain, hormonal replacement therapy, history of surgical manipulation of the pelvic cavity and vaginal bleeding.

Duodenopancreatectomia e hemicolectomia direita em monobloco para tratamento de câncer de cólon direito localmente avançado / En bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy and right hemicolectomy for locally advanced right colon cancer treatment

This article reports the case of a patient whit a diagnosis of diarrhea and weight loss. Subsidiary exams showed ulcerovegetant lesion in the second duodenal portion and duodenocolic fistula. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and a neoplasic lesion in the hepatic angle of the colon was observed invading the second duodenal portion. The patient then underwent a cephalic gastroduodenopancreatectomy associated with en bloc right hemicolectomy and improved well in the postoperative period. Currently, 48 months after the surgery, he does not present any signs of the disease dissemination or recurrence. The consulted literature recommends that multivisceral resection must be considered if the patient is clinically able to undergo major surgery and does not present any signs of neoplasic dissemination, since the postoperative survival time is considerably longer in the resected group and some of these patients even achieve cure.

Cost-effectiveness analysis on spinal anesthesia versus local anesthesia plus sedation for loop colostomy closure / Análise de custo-efetividade da raquianestesia versus anestesia local associada à sedação para o fechamento de colostomia em alça

CONTEXT: Studies in the area of health economics are still poorly explored and it is known that the cost savings in this area is becoming more necessary, provided that strict criteria. OBJECTIVE: To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of spinal anesthesia versus local anesthesia plus sedation for loop colostomy closure. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial with 50 patients undergoing loop colostomy closure either under spinal anesthesia (n = 25) or under local anesthesia plus sedation (n = 25). The duration of the operation, time spent in the post-anesthesia recovery room, pain, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, laboratory and imaging examinations and need for rehospitalization and reoperation were analyzed. The direct medical costs were analyzed. A decision tree model was constructed. The outcome measures were mean cost and cost per local and systemic postoperative complications avoided. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were presented. RESULTS: Duration of operation: 146 ± 111.5 min. vs 105 ± 23.6 min. (P = 0.012); mean time spent in post-anesthesia recovery room: 145 ± 110.8 min. vs 36.8 ± 34.6 min. (P<0.001). Immediate postoperative pain was lower with local anesthesia plus sedation (P<0.05). Local and systemic complications were fewer with local anesthesia plus sedation (P = 0.209). Hospitalization + rehospitalization: 4.5 ± 4.1 days vs 2.9 ± 2.2 days (P<0.0001); mean spending per patient: R$ 5,038.05 vs 2,665.57 (P<0.001). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: R$ -474.78, indicating that the strategy with local anesthesia plus sedation is cost saving. CONCLUSION: In the present investigation, loop colostomy closure under local anesthesia plus sedation was effective and appeared to be a dominant strategy, compared with the same surgical procedure under spinal anesthesia.

OBJETIVO: Análise de custo-efetividade entre fechamento de colostomia e m alça sob raquianestesia versus anestesia local associada à sedação. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico randomizado com 50 pacientes para fechamento de colostomia em alça, sob raquianestesia (n = 25) e sob anestesia local com sedação (n = 25). Avaliaram-se tempo operatório e de sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, dor, complicações pós-operatórias, tempo de internação, exames laboratoriais e de imagens, reoperações e reinternações. Foi feita análise de custos diretos médicos. A medida de desfecho foi: complicações pós-operatórias locais e sistêmicas. Aplicaram-se razão incremental e árvore de decisão. RESULTADOS: Tempo operatório (146 ± 111,5 min vs 105 ± 23,6 min; P = 0,012), tempo médio de sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (145 ± 110,8 min vs 36,8 ± 34,6 min, P<0,001). Dor no pós-operatório imediato em favor da anestesia local (P<0,05). Complicações pós-operatórias locais e sistêmicas (P = 0,209) em favor da anestesia local. Internação + reinternações (4,5 ± 4,1 dias vs 2,9 ± 2,2 dias; P<0,0001), valor médio gasto por paciente (R$ 5.038,05 vs R$ 2.665,57; P<0,001). Razão de custo-efetividade: -R$ 474,78, indicando que a estratégia é dominante. CONCLUSÃO: Na presente investigação o fechamento de colostomia em alça sob anestesia local associada à sedação foi eficaz e apresentou boa relação de custo-efetividade em relação ao mesmo procedimento cirúrgico sob raquianestesia.

En bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy and right hemicolectomy to treat locally advanced right colon cancer: report of three cases / Pancreaticoduodenectomia e hemicolectomia direita em monobloco para o tratamento do câncer de cólon direito localmente avançado: relato de três casos

Although colorectal tumors are fairly common surgical conditions, 5 to 12% of these tumors are locally advanced (T4 tumors) upon diagnosis. In this particular situation, the efficacy of en bloc multivisceral resection has been proven. When right-colon cancer invades the proximal duodenum or even the pancreatic head, a challenging dilemma arises due to complexity of the curative surgical procedure. Therefore, en bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy with right hemicolectomy should be performed to obtain free margins. The present study reports three cases of locally advanced right-colon cancer invading the proximal duodenum. All of these cases underwent successful en bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy plus right hemicolectomy, with no death occurrence. Long-term survival was observed in two cases (30 and 50 months). In the third case, the patient did not present any recurrence twelve months after surgical treatment. Multivisceral resection with en bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy should be considered for patients who present acceptable risk for major surgery and no distant dissemination. This approach seems justified since the length of postoperative survival is longer in radically ressected groups (R0) than in palliativelly resected groups (R1-2).

Embora os tumores colorretais sejam afecções cirúrgicas relativamente comuns, 5 a 12% dos casos são diagnosticados como localmente avançados (Tumores T4). Nessa situação particular, a eficácia da ressecção em monobloco já foi comprovada. Quando tumores do cólon direito invadem o duodeno proximal ou ainda a cabeça do pâncreas, um desafiador dilema é observado devido à complexidade do procedimento cirúrgico curativo. Dessa maneira, uma pancreaticoduodenectomia com hemicolectomia direita em monobloco deve ser realizada para se obterem margens livres. O presente artigo relata três casos de tumor de cólon direito localmente avançado com invasão do duodeno proximal. Todos esses casos foram submetidos à pancreaticoduodenectomia e hemicolectomia direita em monobloco de forma bem sucedida e sem mortalidade. Sobrevida em longo prazo foi observada em dois doentes (30 e 50 meses). No terceiro caso, o paciente não apresentava recidiva após 12 meses de seu tratamento cirúrgico. A ressecção multivisceral com pancreaticoduodenectomia em monobloco deve ser considerada em doentes com risco cirúrgico aceitável para cirurgia de grande porte e sem disseminação à distância. Essa conduta permanece justificada, pois a sobrevida a longo prazo dos doentes submetidos à ressecção radical (R0) é mais longa do que daqueles cuja ressecção é paliativa (R1-2).

En bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy and right hemicolectomy to treat locally advanced right colon cancer: report of three cases.

Although colorectal tumors are fairly common surgical conditions, 5 to 12% of these tumors are locally advanced (T4 tumors) upon diagnosis. In this particular situation, the efficacy of en bloc multivisceral resection has been proven. When right-colon cancer invades the proximal duodenum or even the pancreatic head, a challenging dilemma arises due to complexity of the curative surgical procedure. Therefore, en bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy with right hemicolectomy should be performed to obtain free margins. The present study reports three cases of locally advanced right-colon cancer invading the proximal duodenum. All of these cases underwent successful en bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy plus right hemicolectomy, with no death occurrence. Long-term survival was observed in two cases (30 and 50 months). In the third case, the patient did not present any recurrence twelve months after surgical treatment. Multivisceral resection with en bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy should be considered for patients who present acceptable risk for major surgery and no distant dissemination. This approach seems justified since the length of postoperative survival is longer in radically ressected groups (R0) than in palliativelly resected groups (R1-2).

Estudo comparativo entre as anastomoses cervicais esofagogástrica término-terminal com e sem invaginação após esofagectomia para câncer / Comparative study of end-to-end cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with or without invagination after esophagectomy for cancer

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de fístula e estenose da anastomose esofagogástrica cervical com invaginação do coto esofágico no interior do estômago na esofagectomia para tratamento do carcinoma do esôfago. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados dois grupos de doentes com carcinoma do esôfago torácico ou abdominal submetidos à esofagectomia subtotal e esofagogastroplastia. O grupo I (estudo) foi constituído por 29 doentes operados no período de 1998 a 2007, no qual foi realizada a anastomose esofagogástrica cervical com invaginação de segmento do coto esofágico no interior do estômago. O grupo II (controle) foi constituído por 36 doentes operados no período de 1989 a 1997 submetidos à anastomose esfagogástrica cervical término-terminal sem invaginação. RESULTADOS: No grupo I, 3 (10,3 por cento) doentes apresentaram fístula da anastomose esofagogástrica com repercussão clínica mínima. No grupo II observou-se fístula com franca saída de saliva em 11 (30,5 por cento) doentes. A freqüência de fístula nos doentes do grupo I foi significantemente menor (p=0,04) do que nos do grupo II. No grupo I, estenose fibrótica da anastomose ocorreu em 7 (24,1 por cento) enfermos, ao passo que no grupo II 10 (27,7 por cento) evoluíram com estenose, não se constatando diferença significante (p=0,72) entre esses grupos. CONCLUSÃO: No tratamento do carcinoma do esôfago, a esofagectomia com anastomose esofagogástrica cervical com invaginação do coto esofágico no interior do estômago determina menor ocorrência de fístula esofagogástrica quando comparado à anastomose sem invaginação. A incidência de estenose da anastomose esofagogástrica não diferiu em ambos os grupos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of fistula and stenosis of cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination of the esophageal stump into the gastric tube in esophagectomy for esophagus cancer. METHODS: Two groups of patients with thoracic and abdominal esophagus cancer undergoing esophagectomy and esophagogastroplasty were studied. Group I comprised 29 patients who underwent cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination of the proximal esophageal stump segment within the stomach, in the period of 1998 to 2007 while Group II was composed of 36 patients submitted to end-to-end cervical esophago-gastric anastomosis without invagination during the period of 1989 to 1997. RESULTS: In Group I, esophagogastric anastomosis by invagination presented fistula with mild clinical implications in 3 (10.3 percent) patients, whereas in Group II, fistulas with heavy saliva leaks were observed in 11 (30.5 percent) patients. The frequency of fistulas was significantly lower in Group I patients (p=0.04) than in Group II. In Group I, fibrotic stenosis of anastomoses occurred in 7 (24.1 percent) subjects, and 10 patients (27.7 percent) in Group II evolved with stenosis, while no significant difference (p=0.72) was found between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In esophagectomy for esophagus cancer, cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with invagination presented a lower rate of esophagogastric fistula versus anastomosis without invagination. Stenosis rates in esophagogastric anastomosis proved similar in both approach with or without invagination.

En-bloc pancreatoduodenectomy and right hemicolectomy for treating locally advanced right colon cancer (T4): a series of five patients.

A series of five cases of right-colon adenocarcinoma that invaded the proximal duodenum is presented. All patients underwent successful en-bloc pancreatoduodenectomy plus right hemicolectomy by General Surgery Service of the Teaching Hospital of the ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP, Brazil. The study was conducted between 2000 and 2007. There were two major complications but no mortality. Three patients did not present any recurrence over the course of 15 to 54 months of follow-up. Multivisceral resection with en-bloc pancreatoduodenectomy should be considered for patients who are fit for major surgery but do not present distant dissemination. Long-term survival may be attained.

Hepatectomia para o tratamento de metástases colorretais e não-colorretais: análise comparativa em 30 casos operados / Hepatectomy for metastasis from colorectal and non-colorectal origin: comparative analysis in 30 resectable cases

RACIONAL: Hepatectomia é a melhor opção terapêutica curativa para metástases hepáticas de origem colorretal. Mais recentemente, ressecção hepática também tem sido realizada para metástases de etiologia não-colorretal. OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados em curto e longo prazo de uma série de hepatectomias para 20 doentes com metástase colorretal com uma série de 10 doentes com metástase não-colorretal realizadas pelo Serviço de Cirurgia Geral (Disciplina de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo) da Faculdade Medicina do ABC (Santo André - Brasil). MÉTODOS: Os dados completos de 30 doentes submetidos à hepatectomia por metástase metacrônica entre o período de Janeiro de 2001 e Setembro de 2007 foram avaliados. Vinte com metástase colorretal (Grupo 1) foram comparados com dez com metástase não-colorretal (Grupo 2). Foi realizada análise multivariada dos fatores prognósticos com o programa Epi-Info para Windows. RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas vinte hepatectomias maiores e dez hepatectomias menores. A morbidade foi similar entre os grupos (p >0,05). A mortalidade cirúrgica foi maior no Grupo 1 do que no Grupo 2 (5 por cento X 0 por cento), mas não houve significância estatística (p>0,05). Os índices de sobrevida global em 3 e 5 anos foram comparáveis entre os dois grupos (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Nessa amostra, a ressecção hepática para metástase de etiologia não-colorretal apresenta resultados similares aos da metástase colorretal com sobrevida em cinco anos de 20 por cento. Foram fatores prognósticos adversos: mais que uma metástase e linfonodo positivo.

BACKGROUND: Hepatectomy has presented the best curative therapeutic choice for hepatic metastatic colorectal cancer. More recently, hepatic resection has been performed for hepatic metastases from non-colorectal origin too. AIM: To compare both early and long-term surgical outcomes on 20 patients' series of colorectal with 10 patients' series of non-colorectal hepatic metastases realized by General Surgery Service (Discipline of Tract Digestive Surgery) of ABC Medical School (Santo André - Brazil). METHODS: Complete follow-up data were available on 30 patients who underwent hepatectomy for metastatic methacronic cancer between January 2001 and September 2007. Twenty patients presented colorectal liver metastases (Group 1) were compared with ten patients presented non-colorectal metastases (Group 2). RESULTS: There were twenty major hepatic resections and ten minor hepatic resections. Overall morbidity rates were similar between Groups 1 and 2 (p = ns). Overall mortality in Group 1 was higher than Group 2 (5 percent X 0 percent), nevertheless there was no statistical significance (p=ns). Both 3 and 5-year overall survival rates were comparable between groups (p=ns). Both number of lesions and nodal disease were considered dismal prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: In this sample, hepatic resection for liver metastasis from non-colorectal and nonneuroendocrine origin presents similar results to colorectal metastasis. Multiple metastases and positive node were adverse prognostic factors.

Divertículo solitário de peco perfurado: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Solitary viverticulum perforated of the cecum: report of case and review of literature

Divertículo solitário do intestino grosso é uma entidade relativamente rara, sendo mais frequentemente encontrado sob a forma de múltiplos divertículos. Tais divertículos são mais comuns no ceco e cólon ascendente, e geralmente são divertículos verdadeiros, ou seja, possuem todas as paredes do intestino. Quando o divertículo de ceco evolui para inflamação os pacientes geralmente se apresentam com sintomas sugestivos de apendicite aguda. Um caso de divertículo de ceco perfurado é relatado em uma mulher de 49 anos, cujo diagnóstico foi realizado somente após a cirurgia. Aspectos clínicos, propedêutica e terapia cirúrgica são discutidos.

Solitary diverticulum of the large intestine is an entity relatively rare, being more frequently found under the form of multiple diverticulum. Such diverticulum's are more common in the cecum and ascending colon and they are usually true diverticulum, in other words, they possess all of the walls of the intestine. When the cecum diverticulum develops for inflammation the patients come usually with suggestive symptoms of acute appendicitis. A case of diverticulum perforated of the cecum is related in a 49 year-old woman, whose diagnosis was only accomplished after the surgery. Clinical aspects, propedeutic and surgical therapy are discussed.

En-bloc pancreatoduodenectomy and right hemicolectomy for treating locally advanced right colon cancer (T4): a series of five patients / Duodenopancreatectomia e hemicolectomia em monobloco para o tratamento do câncer de cólon direito localmente avançado (T4): uma série de cinco doentes

A series of five cases of right-colon adenocarcinoma that invaded the proximal duodenum is presented. All patients underwent successful en-bloc pancreatoduodenectomy plus right hemicolectomy by General Surgery Service of the Teaching Hospital of the ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP, Brazil. The study was conducted between 2000 and 2007. There were two major complications but no mortality. Three patients did not present any recurrence over the course of 15 to 54 months of follow-up. Multivisceral resection with en-bloc pancreatoduodenectomy should be considered for patients who are fit for major surgery but do not present distant dissemination. Long-term survival may be attained.

Série de cinco casos de adenocarcinoma de cólon direito com invasão do duodeno proximal é apresentada. Todos os doentes realizaram uma duodenopancreatectomia com hemicolectomia direita em monobloco pelo Serviço de Cirurgia Geral do Hospital de Ensino da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP. O período de estudo foi entre 2000 e 2007. Houve duas complicações maiores, contudo a mortalidade foi nula. Três doentes não apresentaram recurrência entre 15 e 54 meses de seguimento. Ressecção multivisceral com pancreaticoduodenectomia e hemicolectomia direita em monobloco deve ser considerada para doentes hígidos sem disseminação à distância. Sobrevida em longo prazo pode ser atingida.